python学习第一天---基本数据类型

内容摘要
1.Number (1) 整数:int(2)浮点数:float(无单精度和双精度之分) 计算注意点:2/2=1.0
文章正文

1.Number

   (1) 整数:int
 (2)浮点数:float(无单精度和双精度之分)
  计算注意点:
  2/2=1.0
type(2/2)
》》》 <class "float">
1+1=2
1+1.0 = 2.0
如果想要除法得到整数:
type(2//2)
》》》<class "int">
1//2
》》》0

单斜杠是除法,自动转为浮点型数据,双斜杠表示整除,只会保留整数部分

  关于进制,同其他 语言相同:
 
  二进制:0b10 代表十进制的2
  八进制:0b10 代表十进制的8
  十六进制:0bff 代表十进制的255
 
  进制转换法:
  bin(x): 把其他进制数字转化为二进制
  int(x):把其他进制数字转化为十进制
  hex(x):把其他进制数字转化为十六进制
  oct(x):把其他进制数字转化为八进制
 
  复数(Complex):如36j
 
 

2.bool 布尔值

  bool也是Number的一种
 
  与javascript不同的是, bool([])的结果是false, 而javascript中Boolean([])为true
  同时:所有的空值都是转化为false,如0, 空对象, ‘’,[]
  另外一个可以转为false的是None
 

3.单引号与双引号和三引号

  单引号和双引号表示字符串,三引号字符串中可以用回车来表示换行
"""hello world
hello world 
hello world"""
  当然也可以使用三个单引号。
  输出结果是: "hello world hello world hello world"
"""hello world
hello world
hello world"""
  以上代码的输出结果是:
"hello world
hello world
hello world"

  也就是说引号并不解析转义字符串。

  我们可以通过print去打印,此时转义字符会被解析
  在print时, 为了不让部分字符转义,我们可以在字符串前加r
>>> print(r"c:
orthword
orthEast")
 c:
orthword
orthEast 
>>> print("c:
orthword
orthEast") 
c: 
orthword 
orthEast

  加入r或者R后,这个字符串就不是普通字符串了,而是一个原始字符串。

4.字符串运算

  与javascript相同,字符串可以通过方括号来获取第n位的字符":
"hello
world"[0] == "h"

  但是与javascript不同的是,在python中,可以有负序号:

"hello
world"[-1] == "d" //True
"hello
world"[-13] 
//>>> "hello
world"[-13] 
//>>>Traceback (most recent call last): 
//>>> File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module> 
//>>> "hello
world"[-13] 
//>>>IndexError: string index out of range
//超出范围报错

  而在JavaScript中,

"hello
world"[-1] //undefined

  字符串截取与拼接:

"hello world"[5:7] //" w"
 
"hello world"[0:-2] //"hello wor"
"hello world"[-1:-2] // "" 
"hello world"[-3:-2] //"r" 
"hello world"[-3:] //"rld" 
"hello world"[:-3] //"hello wo" 
"sdfd" * 3 //"sdfdsdfdsdfd"

5.列表-- list

  列表访问
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"] 
//["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"] 
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][0]
//"新月打击"
 >>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][1] 
//"苍白之瀑" 
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][:1]
//["新月打击"]
 >>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][:3]
//["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临"] 
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][1:]
 //["苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"] 
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][-1]
//"月神冲刺"
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][-1, -2]
 //[] 
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"][-2: -1]
 //["月之降临"]

 

  列表拼接:
>>> ["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"] + ["月之降临"] //["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺", "月之降临"] 
["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"]*2 
//["新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺", "新月打击", "苍白之瀑", "月之降临", "月神冲刺"]

6.元组:---tuple

(1,2,‘T’, True)
  获取元组的某一项或某几项都是与数组一样的,包括拼接,*(乘法)等
type((1,2,3)) 
//tuple type((1)) 
//int --- 元组中只有一个元素时,就会获取到该元素的类型 
type((True)) 
//<class "bool"> 
type(([1,2,]))
//<class "list">
 type((1,)) 
//<class "tuple"> 
type(()) 
//<class "tuple"> 
type([1]) 
//<class "list">

7.序列

  在python中,list和tuple不叫组,而是叫做序列,str也是序列
  字符串,数组,元组的截取叫做切片
"hello world"[0:8:2] 
//"hlow" 
"hello world"[0:8:3] 
//"hlw"

  由以上代码可以总结, 对于str【x:y:z】从第x+1个起(从序号为x的开始),每隔z-1个获取一个值,一直到第y个为止,最后讲这些获取的拼接在一起。

  判断在序列中是否存在:
>>> "a" in "asfsdaf" 
True 
>>> "3" in "345dfdfdf"
True 
>>> 3 in (123, 4, 5) 
False 
>>> 3 in (123, 3, 5) 
True 
3 in "233dddd" 
//报错,3是int类型 ,不能在字符串中寻找 3 in ["3", 4] //False 类型不同 
3 not in [1,2,3] 
//False

 

  获取序列的长度:
>>> len([1,2,3,4,5,6]) 
6 
>>> len((1, "3", "a", True)) 
4 
>>> len("d1fdf")
5

 

  取最值:
>>> max((1,2,3,50,800,2)) 
800 
>>> max([1,2,3,50,800,2]) 
800 
>>> max("hello world") 
"w" 
>>> min("helloworld")
 "d" 
>>>min("helloworld345")
 "3" 
>>> max(["3", "cd"]) 
"cd"
>>> max([3, "cd"])
 //Traceback (most recent call last): 
// File "<pyshell#13>", line 1, in <module> 
// max([3, "cd"]) 
//TypeError: ">" not supported between instances of "str" and "int" //类型不同不可比较

 

  获取字符的ASCII 码
>>> ord("cc")
Traceback (most recent call last): 
File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module> 
ord("cc") 
TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found >>> ord("c") 
99

 

8.集合:{}

  set 无序的
type({1,23,5,6,8,9}) 
//<class "set"> 
{1,3,5,48,5,9,1,1,5,64,85} 
//{64, 1, 3, 5, 9, 48, 85} 重复的会被剔除

 

  集合支持的操作: len(), in
>>> 15 not in {1,3,5,48,5,9,1,1,5,64,85}
 True 
>>> 3 in {1,3,5,48,5,9,1,1,5,64,85}
 True

 

  元素剔除:
  -:求两个集合的差集
>>> {1,2,3,4,5,6} - {3, 4} 
{1, 2, 5, 6} 
>>> {1,2,3,4,5,6} - {3, 4,7,8,9}
 {1, 2, 5, 6}

  &: 求两个集合的公共部分(交集)

>>> {1,2,3,4,5,6} & {3, 4} 
{3, 4}
>>> {1,2,3,4,5,6} & {3, 4,7,8,9} 
{3, 4}

  | : 并集

>>> {1,2,3,4,5,6} | {3, 4,7,8,9} 
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

  类型:

type({}) 
//<class "dict">
 type(set()) 
//<class "set">
 set({1,3,5,4})
 //{1, 3, 4, 5} 
type({123,132,}) 
//<class "set">

 

9.字典:dict

type({1:1,2:2})
 //<class "dict">

  查询:

{"Q": "新月打击", "W": "苍白之瀑","E": "月之降临", "R": "月神冲刺"}["Q"]
 //"新月打击" {"Q": "新月打击", "Q": "苍白之瀑","E": "月之降临", "R": "月神冲刺"}["Q"] 
//"苍白之瀑" ---- 注意如有相同的key,则取最后一个,这是为啥呢? 
>>> {"Q": "新月打击", "Q": "苍白之瀑","E": "月之降临", "R": "月神冲刺"} 
//{"Q": "苍白之瀑", "E": "月之降临", "R": "月神冲刺"} 
>>> {1: "新月打击", "1": "苍白之瀑","E": {1:1}, "R": "月神冲刺"} //{1: "新月打击", "1": "苍白之瀑", "E": {1: 1}, "R": "月神冲刺"}

  不可变类型才能当做key:

>>> {[1,2]: "新月打击", "1": "苍白之瀑", "E": {1: 1}, "R": "月神冲刺"} 
Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module> 
{[1,2]: "新月打击", "1": "苍白之瀑", "E": {1: 1}, "R": "月神冲刺"} TypeError: unhashable type: "list" 
>>> {True: "新月打击", "1": "苍白之瀑", "E": {1: 1}, "R": "月神冲刺"} {True: "新月打击", "1": "苍白之瀑", "E": {1: 1}, "R": "月神冲刺"}
 life is short, i use python
代码注释
[!--zhushi--]

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